| Ground failure and ground deformations were significant features of the
August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake (Mw = 7.4) and occurred throughout
much of the heavily shaken zone. Numerous coastal failures and lateral spreads
occurred around the northern, eastern, and southern edges of the Bay of
Izmit. These ranged from minor lateral spreads that occurred benignly in
open areas or did minor damage to seawalls, to major slope failures that
carried people and structures into the bay. Other cases of lateral spreading
were identified along the margins of Sapanca Lake, Sakarya River, as well
as in the densely populated City of Adapzari. The primary goal of this study is to develop well-documented case histories of liquefaction-induced lateral deformations, so that the profession can use these case histories to advance our understanding of these phenomena and enhance our ability to numerically simulate the associated physical processes. |